The final model fit was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow Goodness of Fit test and by visual inspection of predicted values, and the overall significance of fixed effect terms with multiple levels was assessed by likelihood ratio test using the package [33]. In order to assess the sensitivity of the analyses presented above to imperfect diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity, a third model was constructed based on a more complex classification system incorporating both the dichotomised bulk tank milk test and the liver condemnation results for each animal around the corresponding farm. (DOCX 42?kb) 13071_2017_2504_MOESM2_ESM.docx (42K) GUID:?A054BA11-EB22-4401-99FA-5D8891BDCCD8 Data Availability StatementThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due it containing private information but are available from your corresponding author on reasonable request. Abstract Background The prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in Denmark is usually increasing but appropriate guidelines for control are currently lacking. In order to help develop a control strategy for liver fluke, a risk factor study of farm management factors was conducted and the power of bulk tank milk (BTM ELISA) as a tool for diagnosis in Danish dairy cattle farms was assessed. Methods This case-control study aimed to identify farm-level risk factors for fasciolosis in Danish dairy farms ( ?50 animals slaughtered in 2013) using two diagnostic methods: recordings of liver condemnation at slaughter, and farm-level antibody levels in BTM. A case farm was defined as having a minimum of 3 incidents of liver condemnation due to liver fluke at slaughter (in any age group) during 2013, and control farms were located within 10?km of at least one case farm and had no history of liver condemnation due to liver fluke during 2011C2013. The selected farmers were interviewed over telephone about grazing and control practices, and BTM from these farms was collected and analysed by ELISA in 2014. The final total dataset consisting of 131 case and 63 control farms was analysed using logistic regression. Results Heifers grazing on wet pastures, dry cows grazing on wet pastures, herd size, breed and concurrent beef cattle production were identified as risk factors associated with being classified as a case farm. With the categorised BTM ELISA result as the response variable, heifers grazing on wet pastures, dry cows grazing on wet pastures, and purchase of cows were identified as risk factors. Within the case and control groups, 74.8 and 12.7% of farms were positive for fasciolosis on BTM ELISA, respectively. The differences are likely to be related to the detection limit of the farm-level prevalence by the BTM ELISA test, time span between slaughter data and BTM, and the relatively low sensitivity of liver inspection at slaughter. Conclusions Control of bovine fasciolosis in Denmark should target heifers and dry cows through grazing management and appropriate anthelmintic treatment, and BTM ELISA can be a useful diagnostic tool for fasciolosis in Danish dairy farms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2504-y) contains supplementary material, which is Pralidoxime Iodide available to authorized users. and frequently manifests like a subclinical disease with hazy symptoms including decreased productivity [3] obvious as decrease in dairy yield, dairy fat content material, and reproductive efficiency [4C7]. Additionally, the expense of treatment and fines for condemnation of contaminated/fibrotic livers at slaughter may incur considerable financial deficit for the farmers. In Switzerland, the annual reduction due to bovine fasciolosis continues to be estimated to become 299 per contaminated cattle and 52 million in the nationwide level, calculated for the suggest prevalence of 10.6% in 1.6 million cattle [8]. An elevated prevalence of continues to be reported in Sweden and UK, presumably as a complete consequence of weather modification leading to milder winter season temperatures and improved rainfall, aswell as because of government subsidized strategies to utilise damp areas for grazing [9, 10]. Also, the farm-level prevalence of in Danish cattle farms can be steadily increasing predicated on the Pralidoxime Iodide nationwide liver organ condemnation data at slaughter, from 24% in 2003 to 25.6C29.3% between 2011 and 2013 [11, 12]. That is a concern for dairy products farmers as Pralidoxime Iodide there are fairly few effective flukicides certified 4E-BP1 for make use of in lactating Pralidoxime Iodide cows and level of resistance to these medicines are significantly reported all over the world [13C16]. To avoid overuse of anthelmintics, latest research is consequently focused on explaining the spatial distribution of and determining risk elements for fasciolosis [17]. Determined risk elements consist of weather and environmental elements Previously, such as existence of streams,.
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