Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) can be an etiological agent of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). an envelope (E) and a hemagglutinin esterase (HE). The S protein forms petal-shaped spikes on the surface of the virion and has been associated with antigenicity [23]. The S gene includes a polymorphic region, and its sequence is useful for the genetic classification NIC3 of the computer virus [2, 9]. The degree of the contribution of BCoV to BRD instances in Japan is definitely unclear, and a large-scale molecular survey has not been conducted in the last decade [12]. In this study, we compared the health condition of cattle with the illness rate and viral copy quantity of BCoV to determine its influence on BRD. Furthermore, we performed phylogenetic analyses of the polymorphic region of the S gene in BCoV recognized in Japan from 2016 to 2018 to clarify the genetic changes NIC3 and access routes of recent strains. We believe that this study will contribute to the understanding of BCoV and decrease BRD instances in Japan. Nasal swab samples were collected from a total of 182 healthy and 273 respiratory-diseased cattle from 42 farms in the Aichi (7 farms: of Dulbeccos Modified Eagles Medium (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan) or phosphate-buffered saline supplemented with penicillin and streptomycin, and were then shipped refrigerated. All the samples were stored at ?80C until further analysis. Data regarding other infections and bacterial attacks involved with BRD were unavailable within this research typically. The techniques of RNA removal, cDNA transformation, and real-time PCR implemented those inside our prior report [17]. The method of generating standard curves using real-time PCR was explained in our earlier report [15]. The specific primers and probe sequences of BCoV were designed based on a earlier statement [13]. Their sequences were as follows: ahead primer: 5-GGACCCAAGTAGCGATGAG-3; opposite primer: 5-GACCTTCCTGAGCCTTCAATA-3; and probe: 5-FAM/ATTCCGACT/Zen/AGGTTTCCGCCTGG/IBFQ-3. The sequences of the polymorphic region of the BCoV S gene related to positions 25,006C25,416 of the Kakegawa strain (Accession No. “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”AB354579″,”term_id”:”155369167″,”term_text”:”AB354579″AB354579) were acquired. The methods of PCR amplification, purification, and sequencing adopted those in our earlier statement [16]. Primers for SL1 (5-GCAGGTTTAATCCTTCTACTTGGA-3) NIC3 and SR2 (5-CACCAAGAATTATGTCTGTGTTTGA- 3) were used to amplify the Rabbit Polyclonal to HP1alpha prospective sequence [9]. When NIC3 the expected size of the DNA band was fragile or invisible, nested PCR was performed using the following primers with the same PCR conditions: SL1 nested (5-CTTGGAATAGGAGATTTGGTTTT-3), and SR2 nested (5-CAAAAATATTACACCTATCCCCTTG-3). The sequences that were determined with this study were submitted to the DNA Databank of Japan (DDBJ) under Accession No. LC504662-730. These sequences and the available sequences that we retrieved from GenBank were aligned using ClustalW. The molecular phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining method with MEGA7 software [14]. The evolutionary distances were computed using Kimuras two-parameter model. A total of 1 1,000 bootstrap replicates were used to derive the trees based on the nucleotide sequences. The Fisher exact test and 2 test were used to compare the infection rate of BCoV between healthy cattle and cattle with respiratory symptoms and among age of cattle, respectively. Because of the non-normal distribution of the viral loads, the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the viral loads between healthy cattle and cattle with respiratory symptoms, and respiratory-diseased cattle with and without diarrhea. These analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 6 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). test). Our failure to identify a significant association between viral load and respiratory symptoms may be because nasal samples were not NIC3 collected multiple times. For example, cattle newly infected with BCoV but not yet presenting respiratory symptoms were diagnosed as healthy in this study. Therefore, follow-up examinations should be performed to accurately reflect the correlation between viral loads and respiratory symptoms. Thirty-two of 58 BCoV-infected cattle with respiratory symptoms also had mild-to-bloody diarrhea. The median (average) values of viral loads in respiratory-diseased cattle with and without diarrhea were 271.9 (6,619.3) and 104.0 (4,550.1) copies/test). The presence or absence of difference between bovine respiratory and enteric coronaviruses has been a controversial issue. Some of the candidate genes were reported to be the molecular determinant of tissue tropism to respiratory or intestine cells [3]. At present, consensus has yet to be reached. In this study, some calves in a farm developed only respiratory symptoms. However, the other calves in the same farm developed both respiratory and enteric diseases. The virus seemed to be from the same strain based on the partial sequence.
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