Here we describe the first application of transient gene silencing in

Here we describe the first application of transient gene silencing in a pathogenic oomycete that infects a wide range of fish, amphibians, and crustaceans. amphibians, and crustaceans relevant to aquaculture and to aquatic ecosystems (van West et al. 2008). It causes Saprolegniosis, a disease characterised by visible white or grey patches of filamentous mycelium on the body or fins of freshwater fish (van West 2006; Schornack 2009). Within the group of oomycetes, gene transformation technology has been developed but its efficiency is, at present, limited to a restricted number of oomycete species (Judelson 1991; Whisson 2005; Judelson & Ah-Fong 2009). Attempts to successfully establish transformation protocols for some oomycetes have had, in some cases, little or no success. An alternative way to functionally characterise genes, which is independent of a stable transformation protocol, can be the use TH-302 biological activity of RNA-interference (RNAi). This technique was successfully developed for transient gene silencing of many genes in (Whisson 2005; Grenville-Briggs 2008; Walker 2008; Whisson 2008). In today’s research we performed complete experiments to research if the RNAi-technique may also be used to silence genes in of stress CBS223.65 (Jiang 2013) and found a gene (SPRG_01728) that encodes to get a putative tyrosinase (2007). These enzymes are necessary not merely in the biosynthesis of pigments such as for example melanin but also in the biosynthesis of additional phenol polymers such as for example lignin, flavonoids, and tannins (Obata 2004). Melanins are charged and large molecular hydrophobic substances negatively. As a complete consequence of oxidative polymerisation of phenolic substances melanin is formed. They may be insoluble in both aqueous and organic solvents and TH-302 biological activity therefore difficult to review biochemically and biophysically (Casadevall 2000). Lots of the dark pigments within nature are believed melanins (Wheeler & Bell 1988) and in microorganisms, melanin are available in the intracellular or extracellular matrix, melanised cells from the fungal human being pathogen were proven to possess a heavy coating of melanin in the cell wall structure (Wang 1995). Carzaniga (2002) proven that melanin in the opportunistic plant pathogen 2002). In other plant pathogenic fungi like and melanin has been found in layers within the cell wall and deposited as granules at the surface of the cell wall (Nosanchuk & Casadevall 2003). Open in a separate window Fig?1 Schematic representation of the melanin biosynthesis pathway showing the involvement of the tyrosinase enzyme. Melanin is produced from the non-essential amino acid tyrosine by several biochemical conversions. Note that tyrosinase enzyme is involved in two steps, eventually forming dopaquinone which can be converted into either black-brown eumelanin or red-yellow pheomelanin through different via. The production of melanin has also been associated with virulence in several different microorganisms such as the pathogenic fungi and and the bacterial pathogen (Nosanchuk & Casadevall 2003). Also, strains that do not produce melanin are unable to form functional appressoria and seem to lose their pathogenicity (Forrest 1990; Takano 1997; Irie 2003). Melanin can also act as a protective agent against environment insults and it can bind to diverse drugs and chemicals and maintain cellular integrity (Hill 1992). Melanins have a great affinity towards metal particles and react readily with free radicals protecting the organism against oxidants such as hypochlorite and permanganate (Jacobson 1994; Nyhus 1997) but also against the oxidative burst of activated host effector cells (Nosanchuk & Casadevall 2003). Moreover they are less susceptible to microbicidal peptides and defensins produced by phagocytic cells. The suggested mechanism of action is the absorption of the microbicidal peptide by melanin in such a way that it cannot reach its target (Nosanchuk & Casadevall 2003). Currently it is unclear whether oomycete tyrosinases are involved in melanin production, however it has been proposed that melanin is formed and is involved in the formation of reproductive organs and spores, in virulence, and in protection after physical damage (Lerch 1983). Indeed, during microscopic analysis of sporangial development we noticed also that the sporangia Rabbit Polyclonal to BEGIN from are slightly darker than the mycelia. Therefore we decided to investigate whether the tyrosinase gene is involved in melanin production by silencing the gene via RNAi. TH-302 biological activity Material and methods Culture maintenance The strain of CBS 223.65 was maintained on 4?% (w/v) potato dextrose agar (Oxoid) at 18?C. Protoplast production Mycelium from strain CBS 223.65 was grown in Pea Broth (125?g of boiled and filtered peas per Litre) for 2?d?at 24?C, washed with sterile distilled water and collected in a 50?ml polypropylene tube (Greiner). For each 1?ml of mycelium a 3?ml solution of 10?mg?ml?1 Cellulase (Sigma) and 5?mg?ml?1 of Glucanase (Novozyme) diluted in 0.5?M sorbitol was prepared and added to the corresponding mycelium. The mixture was placed on TH-302 biological activity a shaking platform for 90?min at room.